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Glaukoma

Glaukoma adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan peningkatan tekanan intraokuler ( TIO ). Peningkatan tekanan menyebabkan kerusakan iskemik pada discus optic dan sel-sel sayarf dari retina, dengan kehilangan progresif dari penglihatan perifer.
Peningkatan TIO terjadi bila aliran keluar dari humos aquor dalam bagian anterior mata terhambat. Aquos humor secara continue disekresi oleh badan silisre untuk memberi nutrient pada lensa.


Terdapat dua bentuk primer dari gloukoma :

  1. Glaukoma sudut terbuka primer ; disebabkan oleh degenerasi jaringan trabekular, kelainan yang mengenai kedua mata ( bilateral ), awitan gejala -gejala bertahap.
  2. Glaukoma sudut tertutup primer ( glaucoma akut ) disebabkan oleh blok jaringan trabekular, jaringan iris perifer, keterlibatan unilateral , gejal-gejala terjadi tiba-tiba.

Patofisiologi

Tekanan intraocular dipertahankan oleh produksi dan pengaliran humor aquos yang terus-menerus di rongga interior. Glaucoma terjadi bila ada hambatan dalam pengaliran humos akuor yang menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan intra okuler. Bila tekanan terus meningkat dapat terjadi kerusakan mata. Sraf-saraf optic, ganglion, dan sel saraf retina beregenerasi. Perubahan pertam sebelum sampai hilangnya penglihatan adalah perubhana penglihatan perifer. Bila tidak ditangani bisa mneimnbulkan kebutaan.

Glaukoma sudut terbuka
Glaukoma sudut terbuka merupakan sebagian besar dari glaucoma ( 90- 95 % ), yang meliputi kedua mata. Timbulnya kejadian secara lamabt. Disebut sudut terbuka karena humor aquos mempunayi pintu terbuka ke jaringan trabekular. Pengaliran dihambat oleh perubahan degeneratif jaringan trabekular , saluran schlemm dan saluran yang berdekatan. Perubahan degeneratif saraf optic juga dapat terjadi. Gejala awal biasanya tidak ada, kelainan terdiagnosa dengan adanya peningkatan Tekanan Intra Okular .

Glaukoma Sudut tertutup.
Glaukoma sudut tertutup baiasanya terjadi sebagai suatu episode akut, meskipun bisa juga subakut atau kronik. Disebut sudut tertutup karena ruang anterior secara anatomis menyempit sehingga iris terorong ke depan, menempel ke jaringan trabekular dan menghambat humos aquor mengalir ke saluran schlem. Pergerakan iris kedepan dapat karena peningkatan tekanan vitreus, penambahan cairan di ruang posterior atau lensa yang mengeras karena usia tua. Tekanan intra Okular normal ketika sudut menyempit, tetapi tetap terbuka sehingga tidak menghambat atau menahan aliran. Gejala -gejala yang timbul dari penutupan yang tiba-tiba dan meningkatnya tekanan Intra Okular dapat berupa nyeri mata yang berat, penglihtan yang kabur dan terlihat bayangan sekitar cahaya ( halo ). Penempelan iris menyebabkan dilatasi pupil, bila tidak segera ditangani bisa terjadi kebutaan dan nyeri yang hebat.


Artikel Terkait :

Glaucoma damages the eye's optic nerve. It is a leading cause of blindness in the United States. It usually happens when the fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises, damaging the optic nerve. Often there are no symptoms at first, but a comprehensive eye exam can detect it.

People at risk should get eye exams at least every two years. They include

  • African Americans over age 40
  • People over age 60, especially Mexican Americans
  • People with a family history of glaucoma

Early treatment can help protect your eyes against vision loss. Treatments usually include prescription eyedrops and/or surgery.

Source : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/glaucoma.html

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