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Rematoid Artritis

Pengertian

Artritis Reumatoid adalah penyakit autoimun sistemik kronis yang tidak diketahui penyebabnya dikarekteristikan dengan reaksi inflamasi dalam membrane sinovial yang mengarah pada destruksi kartilago sendi dan deformitas lebih lanjut.(Susan Martin Tucker.1998)

Artritis rematoid adalah suatu penyakit inflamasi kronik dengan manifestasi utama poliartritis progresif dan melibatkan seluruh organ tubuh. (Arif Mansjour. 2001)

Reumatoid arthritis adalah gangguan autoimun kronik yang menyebabkan proses inflamasi pada sendi (Lemone & Burke, 2001 : 1248).


Etiologi

Penyebab pasti reumatod arthritis tidak diketahui. Biasanya merupakan kombinasi dari faktor genetic, lingkungan, hormonal dan faktor system reproduksi. Namun faktor pencetus terbesar adalah faktor infeksi seperti bakteri, mikoplasma dan virus (Lemone & Burke, 2001).

Penyebab utama kelainan ini tidak diketahui. Ada beberapa teori yang dikemukakan mengenai penyebab artritis reumatoid, yaitu :
  1. Infeksi streptokokus hemolitikus dan streptokokus non-hemolitikus
  2. Endokrin
  3. Autoimun
  4. Metabolik
  5. Faktor genetik serta faktor pemicu lainnya.
Pada saat ini, artritis reumatoid diduga disebabkan oleh faktor autoimun dan infeksi. Autoimun ini bereaksi terhadap kolagen tipe II; faktor infeksi mungkin disebabkan oleh karena virus dan organisme mikoplasma atau grup difterioid yang menghasilkan antigen tipe II kolagen dari tulang rawan sendi penderita.


Manifestasi Klinis

Pola karakteristik dari persendian yang terkena :
  1. Mulai pada persendian kecil ditangan, pergelangan , dan kaki.
  2. Secara progresif menenai persendian, lutut, bahu, pinggul, siku, pergelangan kaki, tulang belakang serviks, dan temporomandibular.
  3. Awitan biasnya akut, bilateral, dan simetris.
  4. Persendian dapat teraba hangat, bengkak, dan nyeri ; kaku pada pagi hari berlangsung selama lebih dari 30 menit.
  5. Deformitasi tangan dan kaki adalah hal yang umum.
Gambaran Ekstra-artikular :
  1. Demam, penurunan berat badan, keletihan, anemia.
  2. Fenomena Raynaud.
  3. Nodulus rheumatoid, tidak nyeri tekan dan dapat bergerak bebas, di temukan pada jaringan subkutan di atas tonjolan tulang.
Rheumatoid arthritis ditandai oleh adanya gejala umum peradangan berupa :
  1. demam, lemah tubuh dan pembengkakan sendi.
  2. nyeri dan kekakuan sendi yang dirasakan paling parah pada pagi hari.
  3. rentang gerak berkurang, timbul deformitas sendi dan kontraktur otot.
  4. Pada sekitar 20% penderita rheumatoid artritits muncul nodus rheumatoid ekstrasinovium. Nodus ini erdiri dari sel darah putih dan sisia sel yang terdapat di daerah trauma atau peningkatan tekanan. Nodus biasanya terbentuk di jaringan subkutis di atas siku dan jari tangan.

Komplikasi

Kelainan sistem pencernaan yang sering dijumpai adalah gastritis dan ulkus peptik yang merupakan komlikasi utama penggunaan obat anti inflamasi nonsteroid (OAINS) atau obat pengubah perjalanan penyakit ( disease modifying antirhematoid drugs, DMARD ) yang menjadi faktor penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas utama pada arthritis reumatoid.

Komlikasi saraf yang terjadi memberikan gambaran jelas , sehingga sukar dibedakan antara akibat lesi artikuler dan lesi neuropatik. Umumnya berhubungan dengan mielopati akibat ketidakstabilan vertebra servikal dan neuropati iskemik akibat vaskulitis.

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Artikel Terkait

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as in other organs in the body. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that occur when the body's tissues are mistakenly attacked by their own immune system. The immune system contains a complex organization of cells and antibodies designed normally to "seek and destroy" invaders of the body, particularly infections. Patients with autoimmune diseases have antibodies in their blood that target their own body tissues, where they can be associated with inflammation. Because it can affect multiple other organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease.

While rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness, meaning it can last for years, patients may experience long periods without symptoms. However, rheumatoid arthritis is typically a progressive illness that has the potential to cause joint destruction and functional disability.

Source : www.medicinenet.com

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